How did quinine allow for European colonization of Africa?

Since the lowered mortality rate from malaria enabled Europeans to live in areas where the disease was prevalent, quinine has been seen as a tool of nineteenth century colonialism that was critical for empire expansion throughout Asia and Africa.

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How did quinine and European imperialism?

Quinine is frequently cited by historians as one of the major ‘tools of imperialism’ that powered the British Empire. “European soldiers engaged in colonial wars frequently died of malaria,” said Deb Roy. “Drugs like quinine enabled soldiers to survive in tropical colonies and win wars.”

Why was quinine important to the Europeans going into Africa?

U.S. Army medical researchers take part in World Malaria Day 2010, Kisumu, Kenya. April 25, 2010. Photo by US Army, Africa. It was quinine that allowed colonialists to survive in the malaria-infested jungles of Africa long enough to colonize and enslave indigenous Africans.

What helped Europe colonize Africa?

During this time, many European countries expanded their empires by aggressively establishing colonies in Africa so that they could exploit and export Africa’s resources. Raw materials like rubber, timber, diamonds, and gold were found in Africa. Europeans also wanted to protect trade routes.

When did Europeans start using quinine?

Quinine has been used in unextracted form by Europeans since at least the early 17th century.

How did quinine help Colonisation of Africa?

From its first use in Africa by early explorers to its use by colonists once colonial rule was established, quinine enabled the expansion of British power in Africa until that power reached its colonial height.

Why was controlling the means of production the main cause behind the colonization of Africa?

Why was controlling the means of production the main cause behind the colonization of Africa? Europeans wanted colonies to secure sources of raw materials and European industrialization provided the means.

When did quinine come to Europe?

Returning to Spain with the bark, she introduced quinine to Europe in 1638 and, in 1742, botanist Carl Linnaeus called the tree “Cinchona” in her honour [4].

Who introduced quinine to Europe?

The European colonizers first sent the bark to Europe around the 17th century, probably by way of Jesuit missionaries. Thereby cementing it as a “popish” medicine in the minds of many protestants.

Why was it so easy for Europe to colonize Africa?

The European countries were able to colonise African countries rapidly because there were rivalries between African leaders. These kings and chiefs were competing with each other to be the richest and most powerful within their tribes.

What were the 3 main reasons for the colonization of Africa?

The three main factors that lead to Europeans imperializing Africa in the 19th century were economic, military/ technology, and politics.

What is the source of quinine write its importance?

quinine, drug obtained from cinchona bark that is used chiefly in the treatment of malaria, an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of various species of mosquitoes.

What are the benefits of quinine?

The quinine present in tonic water provides a distinctive bitter flavour. The inclusion of quinine in tonic is often associated as a primary health benefit of tonic. Quinine’s primary benefit is for the treatment of malaria. It’s not used to prevent malaria, but rather to kill the organism responsible for the disease.

What is the mechanism of action of quinine?

Mechanism of Action: Quinine inhibits nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, and glycolysis in Plasmodium falciparum and can bind with hemazoin in parasitized erythrocytes.

How was Africa affected by colonization?

Colonialism made African colonies dependent by introducing a mono- cultural economy for the territories. It also dehumanized African labour force and traders. It forced Africans to work in colonial plantations at very low wages and displaced them from their lands.

How was Africa before European colonization?

In most parts of Africa before 1500, societies had become highly developed in terms of their own histories. They often had complex systems of participatory government, or were established powerful states that covered large territories and had extensive regional and international links.

How did Africa develop Europe?

The primitive accumulation from slavery and international trade laid the foundation for the economic boom from the 1840s to the 1870s, which industrialised the pan-European countries and strengthened the capitalist political economy. International trade increased by 260 per cent between 1850 and 1870.

How does quinine work in the body?

Quinine is used to treat malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Plasmodium falciparum is a parasite that gets into the red blood cells in the body and causes malaria. Quinine works by killing the parasite or preventing it from growing.

What happened when Europe colonized Africa?

Starting in the 1880s, in what became known as the “Scramble for Africa,” European countries raced to occupy the continent, seeking economic and strategic gains. Britain established control over many parts of Africa, including Sudan and much of the south. France began to rule a large territory in the west and north.

What was the effect of discovery of quinine in 1820s?

What was the effect of discovery of quinine in the 1820s? It gave Europeans a tool to treat illness in tropical areas, and then be able to colonize those areas. It forced European nations to expand their armies and navies.

Why was Africa so vulnerable and susceptible to colonization?

These Empires traded slaves with the Europeans for guns that would help them secure and grow their empires. The slave trade had led to underdevelopment of the continent. This led to Africa being vulnerable to colonization by European forces in the late 1800’s.

What is the pharmacodynamics of quinine?

In vivo pharmacodynamics of quinine.

The MIC results in a parasite multiplication rate of 1, and with an unrestrained approximate parasite multiplication rate of 10 per cycle, this is similar to the 90% inhibitory concentration (IC₉₀) value in vitro (11).

Where does quinine come from in nature?

Quinine is a bitter compound that comes from the bark of the cinchona tree. The tree is most commonly found in South America, Central America, the islands of the Caribbean, and parts of the western coast of Africa. Quinine was originally developed as a medicine to fight malaria.

What is the contraindication of quinine?

You should not take quinine if you have a heart rhythm disorder called Long QT syndrome, a genetic enzyme deficiency called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G-6-PD), myasthenia gravis, optic neuritis (inflammation of the nerves in your eyes), if you have taken quinine in the past and it caused a blood cell …

What was quinine used for in the Civil War?

During the Civil War, the unreliable supply and high cost of quinine forced the Confederate Army to use alternative treatments for malaria. Many quinine substitutes were mentioned in the literature of the time, but relatively few were advocated by Confederate officials and even fewer are described in surviving records.

How did quinine affect imperialism?

Since the lowered mortality rate from malaria enabled Europeans to live in areas where the disease was prevalent, quinine has been seen as a tool of nineteenth century colonialism that was critical for empire expansion throughout Asia and Africa.

Why was quinine taken off the market?

In early 2007, FDA banned all prescription quinine products other than Qualaquin. FDA acted in this manner because of a perception that quinine is not effective for this condition and that its risk potential far exceeds its efficacy potential.

How do you make quinine at home?

1. 4 cups water.
2. ¼ cup (1 ounce/20 grams) cinchona bark, powdered (a coffee grinder does this well)
3. 3-4 cups rich simple syrup (by volume, two parts sugar to one of boiling water, stirred to dissolve)
4. ¼ cup citric acid, also known as lemon salt.
5. 3 limes, only the peeled zests.
6. 3 lemons, only the peeled zests.

How did Africa respond to European imperialism?

Africans escaped colonial military and administrative abuses through avoidance tactics. Hearing of approaching colonial armies, tax collectors, or labor recruiters, Africans fled their homes or concealed themselves to avoid violent confrontations and dispossession.

How did colonialism affect Africa economically?

The policies of colonialism forced the demise of African industry and created a reliance on imported goods from Europe. Had native industry been encouraged and cultivated by the colonizing powers, Africa would probably be in a much better economic and technological position today.

Is there quinine in grapefruit?

The juice or grapefruit itself contains valuable and natural quinine, which is advantageous for the treatment of malaria. Quinine is an alkaloid with a long history of treating malaria, as well as lupus, arthritis and nocturnal leg cramps.

Is quinine a muscle relaxant?

Quinine sulfate at a dose of 200–300 mg at night has been used for many years to treat nocturnal leg cramps. Usually idiopathic, these muscle cramps are common, particularly in older patients. Quinine may help by decreasing the excitability of the motor end-plate and increasing the muscle refractory period.

How did Africa get colonized?

European colonizers were able to attain control over much of Africa through diplomatic pressure, aggressive enticement, and military invasions. In fact, European countries competed with one another to see who could attain the most power and growth.

How did Europe benefit from African resources?

The European industries that benefited from African resources were the textile industries, the food producing industries, the electrical industries, and the weapon industry.

When did colonization start in Africa?

The Scramble for Africa, also called the Partition of Africa, or the Conquest of Africa, was the invasion, annexation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during a short period known as New Imperialism (between 1881 and 1914).

What was quinine used for in the 1800s?

Quinine, an alkaloid derived from the South American cinchona tree, was well recognized by the middle 1800s as the drug of choice for treating malaria.

Does quinine help hair growth?

Widely used by the Incas, quinine bark, originating in South America, contains quinine, an alkaloid with stimulant properties that promote hair growth, giving it strength and vigor. With the anti-hair loss line by Klorane, fight effectively against hair loss and recover health and vitality of your hair.

Is quinine still used for malaria?

Quinine in the management of severe malaria. The treatment of severe malaria requires prompt, safe, and effective intravenous anti-malarial drugs. Over the years, quinine has been the mainstay in the treatment of severe malaria and still remains the first line drug in most African countries [24].

What was the effect of the discovery of quinine in the 1820s it gave Europeans to illness in tropical areas and then able to colonize th?

Superior technology and the discovery of quinine in 1817 and other new medicines helped Europeans survive deadly tropical diseases such as malaria that had prevented them from exploring tropical regions in Africa. New weaponry had also enabled the Europeans to have a huge edge over the opposing countries.

Why did Europeans who ruled territories directly denied the influence of native people?

imperialists were afraid that native people would make trade agreements with their enemies. Europeans saw territories as an extension of a home country, so they demanded that native people conform. native people under direct rule had weak leadership, so they did not want or expect to have influence.

How did advanced weaponry help Europe during new imperialism?

How did advanced weaponry help Europe during new imperialism? It gave imperialists even more power over non-Europeans.

Why was quinine important to the Europeans going into Africa?

Quinine’s groundbreaking discovery changed medical care forever and paved the way for the British to break the barrier of malaria in their colonization of Africa and India. The story of quinine takes place throughout the world, and as quinine has spread and scientific knowledge has broadened, its name has changed.

How did the Scramble for Africa Impact Europe and Africa?

The ‘Scramble for Africa’ – the artificial drawing of African political boundaries among European powers in the end of the 19th century – led to the partitioning of several ethnicities across newly created African states.

How did European imperialism in Africa impact traditional African languages and culture?

Economic policies were adopted by Europeans who destroyed the colonies, rather than help them. Africa was damaged economically, politically, and culturally. Africa’s traditional lifestyles and culture were destroyed. The Europeans had no interest in traditional African culture and had no concern for the Africans.

What helped Europe colonize Africa?

During this time, many European countries expanded their empires by aggressively establishing colonies in Africa so that they could exploit and export Africa’s resources. Raw materials like rubber, timber, diamonds, and gold were found in Africa. Europeans also wanted to protect trade routes.

What methods did the European powers use to acquire colonies in Africa?

• Signing of treaties.
• Military conquest/force.
• Company rule.
• Diplomacy.
• Treachery/tricks e.g Meneiik II of Ethiopia/Lobengula of the Ndebele.
• Divide and rule/playing off communities against each other.
• Luring communities with gifts.

What were the 3 main reasons for the colonization of Africa?

The three main factors that lead to Europeans imperializing Africa in the 19th century were economic, military/ technology, and politics.

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