How can we reduce SOX and NOx in thermal power plant?

1. Switching the low sulphur fuel.
2. Desulfurization the fuel.
3. Utilizing a flue gas desulfurization ( FGD ) system.
4. Combustion control techniques.

How are SOx and NOx gases controlled?

Water Injection and Water emulsion: In this method, water is added to reduce the temperature of combustion leading to low NOx emission. In water emulsion, fuel is blended with water and in water injection a separate fresh water injector is mounted in the cylinder head which injects water.

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How can we reduce NOx in thermal power plant?

Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR)

SNCR is a method used to reduce NOx to N2 by injecting either ammonia or urea into the boiler furnace at locations where the flue gas temperature is between 900°C–1100°C (see Figure 2: Layout of LNB, OFA and SNCR system in a pulverized coal power plant).

How do you reduce NOx formation?

The best way to minimize NOx formation is to reduce flame temperature, reduce excess oxygen, and/or to burn low nitrogen-containing fuels.

How do no plants reduce NOx emissions?

Two common methods including using recirculated flue gases from the boiler outlet and steam injection, which lowers flame temperature and helps reduce thermal NO_x formation. Another method of lowering NO_x is through burner designs that incorporate staged combustion, slowing the mixing of fuel and air.

How can we reduce NOx and SOx emissions?

NOx emission can be reduced by primary methods such as retard injection, fuel nozzle modification, change of compression ratio, water direct injection, water emulsification, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and secondary method such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR).

How is NOx formed in thermal power plant?

Combustion of coal converts the nitrogen bound in coal to form products such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). These products are collectively called oxides of nitrogen (NOx)—a major pollutant.

How do I reduce SOx in my boiler?

Methods of SOx reduction include switching to low sulfur fuel, desulfurizing the fuel, and utilizing a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system. Fuel desulfurization, which primarily applies to coal, involves removing sulfur from the fuel prior to burning.

What is NOx and SOx emissions?

The two main pollutants from the ship’s emission are Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Sulphur oxides (SOx). These gases have adverse effects on the ozone layer in the troposphere area of the earth’s atmosphere which results in the green house effect and global warming.

What is stack emission limit of NOx for our plant?

The 300 mg/Nm3 limit that applies to the majority of Indian plants is five times higher than that already being met by power plants in China. It is twice the norm in Germany and the European Union and more than three times that in the United States.

How can we reduce pollution in power plants?

Power plants reduce air pollution emissions in various ways

Burning low-sulfur-content coal to reduce SO₂ emissions. Some coal-fired power plants cofire wood chips with coal to reduce SO₂ emissions. Pretreating and processing coal can also reduce the level of undesirable compounds in combustion gases.

Are NOx and SOx greenhouse gases?

Greenhouse gases (GHGs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), and particulate matter (PM, especially PM10—Particles with 10 microns and below—And PM2. 5—Particles with 2.5 microns and below) are frequently considered the main pollutants from the combustion of ship engines.

How is NOx controlled?

Thermal NOx – The concentration of “thermal NOx” is controlled by the nitrogen and oxygen molar concentrations and the temperature of combustion. Combustion at temperatures well below 1,300 C (2,370 F) forms much smaller concentrations of thermal NOx.

What is thermal NOx?

Thermal NOx is formed when nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion air combine with one another at the high temperatures in a flame. Thermal NOx makes up the majority of NOx formed during the combustion of gases and light oils. The rate of NOx formation generally increases significantly above 2,800°F flame temperature.

What is SOx power plant?

One of the most widely used technologies for Sulphur Oxide (SOx) control is wet flue-gas desulphurisation (FGD) based on limestone. Under this post-combustion SOx elimination method, SOx is oxidised to form gypsum, which can then be eliminated as a byproduct.

How is SOx measured?

If it is an existing operation, to calculate the SOx, simply analyze the stack gases for sulfur content and calculate the stack gas flow rate using the fuel consumption rate and a calculated sulfur balance.

How do scrubbers reduce air pollution?

Devices called wet scrubbers trap suspended particles by direct contact with a spray of water or other liquid. In effect, a scrubber washes the particulates out of the dirty airstream as they collide with and are entrained by the countless tiny droplets in the spray.

Why should we be worried about NOx and SOx?

The reason? These combustible gases, emitted into the environment in the form of smoke, can have adverse effects on the ozone layer in the troposphere, which results in the “greenhouse effect” and may contribute to global warning.

What are the IMO regulations for SOx emissions in Sulphur emission control areas?

Known as “IMO 2020”, the rule limits the sulphur in the fuel oil used on board ships operating outside designated emission control areas to 0.50% m/m (mass by mass) – a significant reduction from the previous limit of 3.5%.

What is the emission limit of SOx from stack in mg Nm3?

Therefore, an emission limit of 150 mg/Nm3 is adopted for the concentrator stack. Three products are formed in the smelter, namely, slag, metal and S02 bearing gases. Further refining is done in a converter.

What is DG stack emission?

Stack Emission monitoring is referred to as Stack emission testing, stack emission monitoring, stack sampling, Source Emission Monitoring or Source Testing. It is a process to measure the emission of industrial waste or pollutants emitted into the atmosphere.

What are 2 ways we can prevent air pollution quizlet?

• reduce air pollution by improving energy efficiency.
• reduce coal use.
• increase natural gas use.
• increase use of renewable energy resources.
• burn lower sulfur coal.
• install scrubbers to sequester sulfur and nitrogen oxides.
• remove NOx from car exhaust.
• tax SO2 emissions.

How do power plants cause air pollution?

Coal-burning power plants also emit mercury into the air, which falls into waterways and accumulates in fish that families eat.

How can we reduce mercury emissions from coal burning power plants?

Bromine is used in coal fire power plant to significantly reduce mercury emissions. Bromine-based products are used to reduce mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. More than 40% of the world’s electricity is generated by coal power plants.

Does NOx increase with temperature?

Historical data show that industrial burners emit more NOx when the combustion air temperature is higher and is recognised in API 535:2 “NOx production is favored by high temperatures. Local flame temperatures and NOx concentration will increase as the temperature of the combustion air increases.”

Is NOx flammable?

Meet the nitrogen oxide family: NOX, NO and NO2

Nitrogen gas is odourless, colourless and tasteless. It is non-flammable and will not support combustion.

What is NOx and how is it formed?

Nitric oxide (NOx) is a chemical compound of oxygen and nitrogen which is formed by these reacting with each other during combustion at high temperatures, mainly the combustion of fuels such as oil, diesel, gas and organic material. NOx is a common name for the nitrogen oxides NO and NO2.

What are the sources of NOx and SOx?

SOx and NOx emissions originate as products of combustion that accompany power generation and the processing of pulping chemicals. Electric utilities are by far the dominant sector for SOx and NOx emissions.

How do you reduce diesel NOx?

How do you reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines? A. By lowering the combustion temperature, typically by Exhaust Gas Recirculating (EGR). Some exhaust gas is cooled and injected back into the combustion chamber.

What is SOx in flue gas?

Flue gas from natural gas and coal power plants contain harmful gases which can cause serious environmental and health problems. 1 The major toxic proponents of flue gas emitted into the atmosphere during fossil fuel combustion are nitrogen, sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2)2.

How do we reduce greenhouse gases?

Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by making power on-site with renewables and other climate-friendly energy resources. Examples include rooftop solar panels, solar water heating, small-scale wind generation, fuel cells powered by natural gas or renewable hydrogen, and geothermal energy.

How can we reduce carbon emissions?

1. Consume local and seasonal products (forget strawberries in winter)
2. Limit meat consumption, especially beef.
3. Select fish from sustainable fishing.
4. Bring reusable shopping bags and avoid products with excessive plastic packaging.
5. Make sure to buy only what you need, to avoid waste.

Which material is used to control SOx emissions FBC boilers?

Since limestone is used as particle bed, control of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions in the combustion chamber is achieved without any additional control equipment. This is one of the major advantages over conventional boilers.

How do you calculate so2 from sulfur content?

Multiply the fuel sulfur content by 0.97 and enter the product. For example, if the fuel sulfur content is one and a half percent: 4e = 0.015 x 0.97. f. Enter the ASTM method used to measure the fuel sulfur content; or enter “dealer” if using the fuel sulfur content certified by the fuel dealer.

How do you remove particulates from the air?

1. Dust properly. Clean surfaces with a damp cloth or sponge. …
2. Clean bed linens more often. Clean your sheets, pillows and pillow cases at least once every week in hot water.
3. Vacuum regularly. …
4. Mop the floors. …
5. Keep dirt out. …
6. Maintain your home. …
7. Use HEPA air filters. …
8. Skip the clutter.

What are the 3 major contaminants in the air?

• Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2. …
• Ozone (O3)
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

How do you mitigate particulate matter?

Avoid high-traffic roads, such as highways. Avoid unnecessary idling of vehicles, especially in enclosed spaces, like a garage. Reduce time spent outdoors during times with high pollution. Consider purchasing electric vehicles.

How is DG stack height calculated?

H = h+0.2 x √ KVA

This is an explicit formula for DG SET stack height calculation, irrespective of the type of industries where the generator set is installed.

How do you convert mg Nm3 to PPM?

Y mg/m³ = (X ppm)(molecular weight)/24.45

Fill in either the “ppm” value (X) or the “mg/m³” value (Y) AND the molecular weight of the compound.

What is an example of fugitive emission?

Fugitive emission is defined as the unintentional and undesirable emission, leakage or discharge of gases or vapors from pressure-containing equipment or facilities and components inside plants such as valves, piping flanges, pumps, storage tanks, valves, compressors, etc.

How is traverse point calculated in stack?

Cross section area of stack	No of Traverse Points
0.2 to 2.5	12
2.5 and above	20

What is minimum stack height?

Stack Height Guidance

At a minimum, the AQCD recommends all stacks for regulated emission points be at least four feet above the roof and that they not be equipped with any device that may obstruct the upward dispersion of the exhaust such as an old style rain cap.

What is boiler stack?

Concept. A stack economizer is an exchanger designed to recover the heat contained in the hot flue gases from boilers; the heat is transferred to a hot water system. In the case of a steam boiler, about 20% of the energy required for the burner ends up in the flue, often at high temperatures.

How are NOx emissions regulated?

These emissions can be reduced by making process changes (such as modifications to the combustion process) or by installing air pollution control equipment (such as selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) or selective catalytic reduction (SCR)).

What are the 4 special areas for SOx and NOx under MARPOL Annex VI?

• The Mediterranean sea area.
• The Baltic sea area.
• The Black sea area.
• The Red sea area.
• The Gulf area.
• The Gulf of Aden area.
• The Antarctic Area.
• The North-West European Waters.

What is SOx emission control area?

These controls divide between those applicable inside Emission Control Areas (ECA) established to limit the emission of SOx and particulate matter and those applicable outside such areas and are primarily achieved by limiting the maximum sulphur content of the fuel oils as loaded, bunkered, and subsequently used …

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